Formalization of the fundamental group in untyped set theory using auto2

We present a new framework for formalizing mathematics in untyped set theory using auto2. Using this framework, we formalize in Isabelle/FOL the entire chain of development from the axioms of set theory to the definition of the fundamental group for an arbitrary topological space. The auto2 prover is used as the sole automation tool, and enables succinct proof scripts throughout the project.Comment: 17 pages, accepted for ITP 201

Administrative Law in a Time of Crisis: Comparing National Responses to COVID-19

Beginning in early 2020, countries around the world successively and then together faced the same rapidly emerging threats from the COVID-19 virus. The shared experience of this global pandemic affords scholars and policymakers a comparative lens through which to view how differences in countries’ governance structures and administrative responses affected their ability to manage the various crisis posed by the pandemic. This article introduces a special series of essays in the Administrative Law Review written by leading administrative law experts across the globe. Case studies focus on China, Chile, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States, as well as the World Health Organization. Although the pandemic and its consequences remain ongoing problems, this issue seeks to elucidate the regulatory challenges that countries have faced in common, and to compare approaches and distill lessons that might be transferrable across jurisdictions. From the essays in this special issue emerge at least four key lessons. First, it is clear that a global pandemic demands effective national and local governance. Second, regulations must be adaptable and responsive in the face of fast-moving public health threats. Third, emergency executive powers must be limited and subject to oversight and sunsetting. Finally, as much as administrative law can affect countries’ ability to craft effective responses to public health emergencies, responsible public leadership undoubtedly matters most of all. These four lessons can help guide efforts by lawmakers and policy advisors to prepare more nimble and effective regulatory approaches to respond to viral outbreaks and other public health threats. Even when the current global pandemic eventually recedes, the Administrative Law Review’s special issue on national responses to the COVID-19 crisis can provide a basis for reflection and renewed momentum toward strengthening international public health institutions and regulatory cooperation around the world

Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency amongwomen of reproductive age: A multi centric study in tehran

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitaminDdeficiency among Iranianwomenof reproductive age. Methods: In this multicentric cross-sectional study, 300 women aged 15 - 45 years referring to Tehran branch of Islamic Azad university hospitals from 2013 to 2015 were recruited. The collected data included the demographic characteristics of the participants, including age, body mass index (BMI), parity, and serum level of vitamin D. Serum levels of 25-dihydroxy vitamin D were measured by radioimmunoassay. Vitamin D was defined as deficient < 20 nmol/L, mild 25 nmol/L, moderate 12.5 - 25 nmol/L and severe12.5 nmol/L. Statistical analysis was performed, using Excel software. Results: Amongthe300patients, 257 caseshadvitaminDdeficiency;amongwhom,122 caseshadsevere, 96hadmoderateand38hadmild deficiency. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, only 14.8 of the study population had normal serum vitamin D levels, indicating that the majority of Iranian women in the reproductive age have vitamin D deficiency. © 2016, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Kriz Zamanında İdare Hukuku: Covıd-19’a Ulusal Müdahalelerin Karşılaştırılması

2020’nin başından itibaren, dünyanın dört bir yanındaki ülkeler, COVID-19 virüsünün hızla yayılan tehditleriyle sırasıyla ve ardından birlikte karşı karşıya kaldı. Bu küresel pandeminin ortak deneyimi, bilim adamlarına ve politika yapıcılara, ülkelerin yönetişim yapılarındaki ve idari müdahalelerdeki farklılıkların, pandeminin yarattığı çeşitli krizleri yönetme yeteneklerini nasıl etkilediğini görmeleri için karşılaştırmalı bir bakış sağlıyor. Bu makale, dünya çapında önde gelen idare hukuku uzmanları tarafından yazılan Administrative Law Review’daki özel bir dizi makaleyi tanıtmaktadır. Vaka çalışmaları Çin, Şili, Almanya, İtalya, Yeni Zelanda, Güney Afrika ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin yanı sıra Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne odaklanmaktadır. Pandemi ve sonuçları halihazırda sorun olmaya devam etse de, bu konu ülkelerin ortak bir şekilde karşılaştığı düzenlemeler alanıdaki zorlukları aydınlatmayı, yaklaşımları karşılaştırmayı ve yetki sınırları arasında aktarılabilecek dersleri çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu özel sayıdaki makalelerden en az dört temel ders çıkar. Birincisi, küresel bir salgının etkili bir ulusal ve yerel yönetişim gerektirdiği açıktır. İkincisi, düzenlemeler hızlı yayılan kamu sağlığı tehditleri karşısında uyarlanabilir ve esnek olmalıdır. Üçüncüsü, acil durum yürütme yetkileri sınırlı olmalı ve denetime ve sınırlandırmaya tabi olmalıdır. Son olarak, idare hukuku, ülkelerin kamu sağlığı acil durumlarına etkili müdahale oluşturma becerisini etkileyebilse de, sorumlu kamu liderliği şüphesiz her şeyden önemlidir. Bu dört ders, kanun koyucuların ve politika danışmanlarının viral salgınlara ve diğer kamu sağlığı tehditlerine müdahale etmek için daha çevik ve etkili düzenleyici yaklaşımlar hazırlama çabalarına rehberlik edebilir. Mevcut küresel pandemi sonunda gerilese bile, Administrative Law Review’un COVID-19 krizine verilen ulusal yanıtlara ilişkin özel sayısı, uluslararası kamu sağlığı kurumlarını ve dünya çapında düzenleyici işbirliğini güçlendirmeye yönelik bir fikir ve yenilenen ivme için bir temel sağlayabilir.Beginning in early 2020, countries around the world successively and then together faced the same rapidly emerging threats from the COVID-19 virus. The shared experience of this global pandemic aff ords scholars and policymakers a comparative lens through which to view how diff erences in countries’ governance structures and administrative responses aff ected their ability to manage the various crisis posed by the pandemic. This article introduces a special series of essays in the Administrative Law Review written by leading administrative law experts across the globe. Case studies focus on China, Chile, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States, as well as the World Health Organization. Although the pandemic and its consequences remain ongoing problems, this issue seeks to elucidate the regulatory challenges that countries have faced in common, and to compare approaches and distill lessons that might be transferrable across jurisdictions. From the essays in this special issue emerge at least four key lessons. First, it is clear that a global pandemic demands eff ective national and local governance. Second, regulations must be adaptable and responsive in the face of fast-moving public health threats. Third, emergency executive powers must be limited and subject to oversight and sunsetting. Finally, as much as administrative law can aff ect countries’ ability to craft eff ective responses to public health emergencies, responsible public leadership undoubtedly matters most of all. These four lessons can help guide eff orts by lawmakers and policy advisors to prepare more nimble and eff ective regulatory approaches to respond to viral outbreaks and other public health threats. Even when the current global pandemic eventually recedes, the Administrative Law Review’s special issue on national responses to the COVID-19 crisis can provide a basis for refl ection and renewed momentum toward strengthening international public health institutions and regulatory cooperation around the world

L'impact de l'homme sur la forêt dans la région de Tlemcen (Oranie-Algérie)

Les formations végétales actuellement en lambeaux et qui étaient bien représentées, il y a moins d'un siècle, subissent de nombreux dommages de la part de l'homme et de ses troupeaux. Leur stabilité est menacée à court terme dans toute la zone étudiée. En effet, le développement agricole et l'urbanisation dans la région imposent souvent l'augmentation des cheptels ovin, caprin et bovin dont l'élevage extensif provoque des dégâts considérable au milieu naturel. Ce travail comprend deux parties distinctes : - une analyse floristique montrant la transformation des structures forestières en matorrals clairsemés, - une description de la pression anthropozoogène sur les lieux fragilisés par les contraintes climatiques, accentuant la dégradation des groupes sylvatiques au profit des thérophytes à pouvoir envahissant

Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Pure Filamentous Fungal Biomass as a Novel Ingredient for Fish Feed

The rapid growth of aquaculture and the lack of fish meal demand new sustainable ingredients. Although fungal biomass is found to be a promising sustainable fish feed supplementation candidate, the characteristics of this protein-rich source are closely influenced by the quality of the applied growth medium. In this work, the nutritional properties of pure filamentous fungal biomass provided from the cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia and Rhzopus oryzae were evaluated to assess their potential as alternative novel protein sources in fish feed. In this regard, fungal biomass yields of up to 0.19 ± 0.005 (g dry biomass/g substrate glucose) were obtained during submerged cultivation of fungal strains. The pure fungal biomass acquired could contain significant amounts of protein up to 62.2 ± 1.2% (w/w). The obtained protein had a high quality with notable inclusion of essential amino acids such as lysine, arginine, methionine and threonine with comparable concentrations to those of fish meal. Fungal biomass is mainly considered as protein source, however, entitlement of 6.9 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 and 17.2 ± 1.1% (w/w) of lipids and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) of 1.37:1, 1.74:1 and 1.47:1 in A. oryzae, N. intermedia and R. oryzae, respectively, signal health benefits for the fish. Considering the results, protein-rich pure fungal biomass with amino acid composition is greatly compatible with fish meal, and contains essential nutrients such as fatty acids and minerals. This pure biomass constitutes a promising sustainable alternative supplement to be introduced in fish feed industry